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[Column] "Hyeomgarok: What This Record of Resentment Asks Us Today"

By Seung-man Kim, Ph.D.

Ph.D. in Literature, Korea University (Classical Translation)

Specialist in Ancient Manuscripts & Fine Arts, Kobay Auction Co., Ltd

In November 2025, a peculiar item appeared at an auction for old books and manuscripts in Seoul. On paper damaged by moisture and faded by time, written in a stark, chilling calligraphy, was a book titled Hyeomgarok (úîÊ«Öâ, The Record of Loathed Families). Also known as Ijikrok (ì¤òÁÖâ, The Record of Rectitude), this document is a "roster of exclusion" born amidst the political turbulence of the late Joseon Dynasty.

1. The Genealogy of Exclusion: Walls Built of Ink and Paper

A byproduct of the factional strife in the late Joseon period, Hyeomgarok speaks volumes about the rigidity of the political landscape of its time. This "genealogy of severing ties" was compiled by hardline members of the Noron faction following the bloody purges known as the Sinim Oksa (ãôìóè«ÞÀ, 1720~1724). Its goal was to permanently forbid marriage and social interaction with opposing factions. Meticulously organized into eight tiers, the document traces the lineages of 150 individuals across 29 surnames, including key figures of the purges like Yi Gwang-jwa and Kim Il-gyeong. This obsessive record-keeping served as a grim device to imprint the bloodlines of "enemy houses" upon future generations, ensuring they would never intermingle.

The title written on the first page, Sinim-jega-ijikrok, clarifies the moral pretext of this record. It cites the teachings of Confucius from the Analects—"Requite resentment with uprightness (ijik bowon)"—as a rebuttal to Laozi's advocacy of moral tolerance in the Tao Te Ching, which suggests "Requiting resentment with virtue (bowon ideok)." Here, "uprightness" (jik) is not mere revenge; it is a Confucian expression of justice that demands discerning right from wrong and acting accordingly. By framing their hatred as a public act of restoring "righteousness" (uiri) rather than a private vendetta, the authors built a wall of separation that defied the healing power of time and forgetfulness.

2. The Internalization of 'Han' and Global Variations of Feuds

This culture of Hyeomga (loathed families) is deeply intertwined with the uniquely Korean sentiment of Han (ùÏ). Han is an emotion born of unjust suffering and sorrow that is suppressed and internalized rather than exploded outward. Hyeomgarok demonstrates how this internalized resentment was systematized through "records" and inherited across centuries. The fact that descendants of the Yeongnam literati still strictly avoid intermarriage today due to conflicts between the families of Song Si-yeol and Yun Jeung from hundreds of years ago is a testament to the terrifying endurance of Korean Han.

Interestingly, such inter-family animosity is a universal human phenomenon. We see it in the rivalry between the Montagues and Capulets in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the bloody Hatfield-McCoy feud in America, and the "Vendetta" traditions of the Middle East. However, while Western grudges often manifest as dynamic, explosive violence, the Korean grudge, as seen in Hyeomgarok, persists statically through systematic documentation and social ostracization. In other words, this manuscript is a crystallization of unquenched Han—a rare global cultural heritage that attempted to sublimate resentment into a moral imperative through the act of writing.

3. The Philosophy of Emptiness: A Resolution to Break the Chains

Is "forgiveness" truly an impossible feat for humanity? Humans are social yet emotional creatures, and erasing a deeply rooted grudge is nearly impossible. In response, the late Professor Kim Hyung-hyo (1940~2018) sought a path not through Western rationalism, but through the Eastern concept of "Emptiness" (Gong). He pointed out that resentment deepens when we fall into the self-centered obsession that "only I am right." He emphasized the philosophy of Emptiness—letting go of one's attachment to existence and perceiving things as they are.

Suppressing resentment is not about forced forgetting or patronizing forgiveness. Rather, it is the resolution to dismantle the "record of resentment" built like a fortress within one's own heart, thereby liberating oneself from the shackles of the past. The true value of Confucius' "uprightness" (jik) in a modern context lies not in cold condemnation, but in the rational composure required to face historical facts without allowing those emotions to erode present relationships. True forgiveness is the highest practice of "uprightness" because it frees the self from the chains of recorded enmity.

4. 2025: Reading the Modern 'Hyeomgarok' Within Us

Centuries after the original Hyeomgarok was written, modern Korean society continues to write countless invisible versions of it in 2025. Online and in reality, new rosters of exclusion emerge, defining others as "groups to be loathed" based on region, generation, gender, or political belief.

This old manuscript, a witness to tragic political strife, asks us today: "Is permanent exclusion in the name of principle truly social justice, or is it collective self-righteousness?"

While recorded resentment only stagnates history and dismantles communities, Han that has been refined through reflection becomes the nourishment for new virtue (deok). As we close this century-old book of discord, we must contemplate "Mutual Virtue" (ideok) for coexistence rather than the "Rectitude" (ijik) of exclusion. Rather than being buried in the grudges of the past and imprisoning our future, we urgently need the wisdom to resolve conflict through the philosophy of emptiness.

-¿ÜºÎ±â°í ¹× Ä®·³Àº º»ÁöÀÇ ÆíÁý¹æÇâ°ú ´Ù¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù-



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